Streets are largely empty in towns and cities across Venezuela and opposition supporters are subdued after President Nicolas Maduro and opposition rival Edmundo Gonzalez both claimed victory in a tense weekend election.
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Few businesses were open on Monday and public transport was scarce, according to Reuters witnesses across the country, as governments in Washington and elsewhere cast doubt on official results that kept the incumbent Maduro in power and called for a full tabulation of votes.
The national electoral authority said just after midnight that Maduro had won a third term with 51 per cent of the vote - a result that would extend a quarter-century of socialist rule.
But independent exit polls pointed to a big opposition win following enthusiastic shows of support for Gonzalez and opposition leader Maria Corina Machado on the campaign trail.
Gonzalez won 70 per cent, said Machado, who had been barred from holding public office in a decision she says is unfair.
Rules were violated on polling day, the opposition said, citing its witnesses being prevented from attending counts, among other issues.
But Gonzalez has not called for supporters to take to the streets and has warned against violence, even as reports trickled in of arrests and intimidation of his supporters.
A cacophony of banging came from Caracas' Petare and 23 de Enero areas - traditionally major working-class bastions for the Socialist party - mid-morning on Monday as neighbours took part in a "cacerolazo," a traditional Latin American protest in which people bang pots and pans.
But many Venezuelan voters Reuters spoke to seemed resigned.
"Maduro yesterday shattered my greatest dream, to see my only daughter again, who went to Argentina three years ago," said retiree Dalia Romero, 59, in Maracaibo.
"I stayed here alone with breast cancer so that she could work there and send me money for treatment."
"Now I know that I'm going to die alone without seeing her again," she said through tears.
Maduro has presided over an economic collapse, the migration of about a third of the population, and a sharp deterioration in diplomatic relations, crowned by sanctions imposed by the United States, the European Union and others which have crippled an already struggling oil industry.
"We woke up sad," said Maracaibo driver Ender Nunez, 42, as he waited to collect passengers.
"We're going to be in this nightmare for six more years and what hurts the most is that they robbed us."
Isolated incidents of violence took place around the country before and after the announcement of results, including the death of one man in Tachira state and scuffles at polling sites in Caracas and other places.
Police dispersed a protest in Catia, traditionally a ruling party base in western Caracas, in the early hours of the morning.
US Secretary of State Antony Blinken said Washington had serious concerns that the official results did not reflect the votes of the people.
The electoral authority is meant to be an independent body but the opposition says it acts as an arm of Maduro's government.
Brazil also said it was closely watching the vote count and awaiting data from polling stations, while Mexico's President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador said he would wait until 100 per cent of the results were reported before recognising a winner.
Russia, Cuba, Honduras and Bolivia cheered Maduro's alleged victory.
Edison Research, which conducts high profile election polling in the United States and other countries, published an exit poll showing Gonzalez, a 74-year-old ex-diplomat known for his calm demeanor, had won 65 per cent of the vote, while Maduro won 31 per cent.
"The official results are silly," Edison's Executive Vice President Rob Farbman told Reuters in an email, saying it stood by the results of its survey.
Australian Associated Press
