Japan's total population has marked the 15th straight year of decline, according to data released by the government, dropping by more than a half-million people as the population ages and births remain low.
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Births in Japan hit a record low of 730,000 last year.
The 1.58 million deaths last year were also a record high.
Japan's population was 124.9 million as of January 1.
The data released by the Internal Affairs Ministry also showed that the 11 per cent increase in foreign residents helped their population surpass 3 million for the first time.
Foreigners make up nearly three per cent of the total population and are mostly of working age from 15 to 64.
Surveys show that younger Japanese are increasingly reluctant to marry or have children, discouraged by bleak job prospects, the high cost of living -which rises at a faster pace than salaries - and a gender-biased corporate culture that adds a burden only on women and working mothers.
The government earmarked 5.3 trillion yen ($A52 billion) as part of the 2024 budget to fund incentives for young couples to have more children, such as increasing subsidies for childcare and education, and is expected to spend 3.6 trillion yen in tax money annually over the next three years.
Experts say the measures are largely meant for married couples who plan to have or who already have children, and do not address the growing number of young people reluctant to get married.
Japan's population is projected to fall by about 30 per cent, to 87 million by 2070, when four out of every 10 people will be 65 years of age or older.
Australian Associated Press
